The corporate history of Canadian Tire Corporation Case Study

The corporate history of Canadian Tire Corporation - Case Study Example Corresponding to the examination the organization which has been chosen is the Canadian Tire Corporation. Canadian Tire’s broad scope of items and administrations arrived at every single house in Canada in the course of the most recent two decades and the organization made each Canadian life simpler. The firm works an interconnected business organize including oil and attire items, monetary administrations, hard products, and car administrations. The corporation’s retail tasks incorporate Canadian Tire, Canadian Tire Petroleum, Mark’s Work Wearhouse, PartSource, and FGL. The firm is notable for its inventive promoting and acquisitions and associations. The organization’s corporate history shows that about 85% of the Canadian populace lived inside a brief drive of their nearby Canadian Tire store before the finish of the twentieth century. The organization has been presenting ideal business changes and new client care offices since 1922 and this inventivene ss helped the organization to finish 89 years of fruitful Canadian market activities. Canadian Tire Corporation is a family arranged business association and the firm serves its clients with adaptable business hours and a scope of different advantages. As of late, the organization has presented MasterCard offices and other financial offices so as to help clients to make their buys progressively advantageous. The organization offers broad retail contributions including car, sports and relaxation, and home items under one rooftop, and thus the Canadian Tire the board gives better shopping encounters to its clients. The Canadian Tire has a huge gathering of committed and proficient representatives from various pieces of the nation and this workforce helps the organization to ensure that its items and administrations are available to everybody. Canadian Tire’s corporate data shows that it gives broad work openings in each area of the nation and gives the Canadian culture a scope of government assistance programs. Along these lines, the association benefits the country in general by offering modest and quality items to Canadian populace and by adding to the economy’s in general GDP development. Be that as it may, similar to some other driving association, the Canadian Tire Corporation has a few entanglements and hindrances for its clients, representatives, and society. The organization has been regularly reprimanded for its administration issues. Dominant part

Belonging Relative Text

HSC English Area of Study: Belonging Suggestions for related writings: Items held by Hawkesbury Library †¢ Fiction Non-fiction Picture books Plays Poetry Film and TV Documentary film and TV Fiction Author Abdel-Fattah, Randa Abdel-Fattah, Randa Achebe, Chinua Alcott, Louisa May Anderson, Laurie Halse Atwood, Margaret Auel, Jean Barrie, J. M. Binchy, Maeve Boyne, John Brashares, Ann Brooks, Geraldine Burgess, Anthony Camus, Albert Carroll, Lewis Chabon, Michael Conrad, Joseph Cormier, Robert Courtenay, Bryce Dahl, Roald Dickens, Charles Dickens, CharlesTitle Does My Head Look Big In This? Ten Things I Hate About Me Things Fall Apart Little Women Twisted The Handmaid’s Tale The Clan Of The Cave Bear Peter Pan Circle Of Friends The Boy In The Striped Pajamas Sisterhood Of The Traveling Pants March A Clockwork Orange The Plague Alice in Wonderland The Amazing Adventures Of Kavalier And Clay Heart Of Darkness The Chocolate War The Power Of One Matilda Oliver Twist A Tale Of Tw o CitiesDostoevsky, Fyodor Doyle, Roddy Dudus, Andre Duff, Alan Dumas, Alexandre Evans, Alwyn Flanagan, Richard Frank, Anne Franklin Miles Gallico, Paul Galloway, Steven Galsworthy, John Golden, Arthur Greene, Graham Grenville, Kate Gwynne, Phillip Hardy, Thomas Hawthorne, Nathaniel Herbert, Xavier Hinton, S. E.Hoseini, Khaled Irving, John Jones, Lloyd Joyce, James Kafka, Franz Kazuo, Ishiguro Keneally, Thomas King, Stephen Lee, Harper Leonie, Norrington Lette, Kathy Lomer, Kathryn London, Jack Malouf, David Marchetta, Melina Marsden, John Martel, Yann McBride, James McCaffrey, Kate McCullers, Carson Meyer, Stephenie Mitchell, Margaret Monica, Hughes Montgomery, L. M.Morrison, Toni Morton, Kate Niffenegger, Audrey Niland, D'Arcy Nunn, Cameron Oates, Joyce Carol Crime And Punishment Paddy Clark Ha House Of Sand And Fog Once Were Warriors The Count of Monte Cristo Walk In My Shoes The Sound Of One Hand Clapping The Diary of Anne Frank My Brilliant Career The Snow Goose The Cellist Of Sarajevo The Forsyte Saga Memoirs Of A Geisha Brighton Rock The Secret River Deadly, Unna?Tess Of The D'Urbervilles The Scarlet Letter Capricornia The Outsiders A Thousand Splendid Suns The Cider House Rules Mister Pip Ulysses Metamorphosis Never Let Me Go The Chant Of Jimmie Blacksmith Carrie To Kill A Mockingbird The Last Muster Puberty Blues The Spare Room White Fang Remembering Babylon Looking For Alibrandi Tomorrow When The War Began The Life Of Pi The Color Of Water Destroying Avalon The Heart Is A Lonely Hunter Twilight (Series) Gone With The Wind The Keeper Of The Isis Light Anne Of Green Gables Sula Forgotten Garden The Time Traveler's Wife The Shiralee Shadows In The Mirror Black Girl/White GirlO'Brien, Robert C. Orwell, George Picoult, Jodie Prichard, Katherine Rhys, Jean Rosoff, Meg Salinger, J. D Satre, Jean Paul Shields, Carol Shriver, Lionel Steinbeck, John Stoker, Bram Stowe, Harriet Beecher Swift, Jonathan Tan, Amy Tan, Amy Thomas, Hardy Tolkien, J. R. R. Tolkien, J . R. R. Twain, Mark Uris, Leon Voigt, Cynthia Walker, Alice Walker, Alice Waten, Judah White, E. B. Winton, Tim Winton, Tim Zusak, MarkusZ for Zachariah Nineteen Eighty-Four My Sister’s Keeper Coonardoo Wide Sargasso Sea What I Was The Catcher in the Rye Nausea Unless We Need To Talk About Kevin The Grapes Of Wrath Dracula Uncle Tom’s Cabin Gulliver’s Travels The Joy Luck Club The Bonesetter's Daughter Jude, The Obscure The Hobbit Lord of the Rings; Fellowship of the Ring The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn Exodus Homecoming The Color Purple Everyday Use (short story in â€Å"Complete Stories†) Alien Son Charlotte's Web Breath Dirt Music The Book ThiefNon-fiction Author Ali, Ayaan Hirsi Burroughs, Augusten Capote, Truman Crawford, Evelyn Cunxin, Li Davis, Donna Deveson, Anne Facey, Albert Filipovic, Zlata Frank, Anne Gardner, Chris Hamlin, Catherine Keller, Helen Latifa Lowenstein, W Mah, Adeline Yen Mandela, Nelson McBride, James McCourt, Frank McCourt, F rank Mellor, Doreen Morgan, Sally Nannup, Alice Nazer, Mende Pelzer, Dave Pilkington, Doris Plath, Sylvia Rasool, Kay Read, Peter Skrzynecki, Peter Sykes, Roberta Thompson, L Turnbull, Sarah Williams, Donna TitleInfidel Running with scissors cold blood Over my tracks Mao’s last artist Sins of the moms Tell me I’m here A blessed life Zlata’s journal: A child’s life in Sarajevo The journal of Anne Frank The quest for happyness The clinic by the waterway An incredible narrative My prohibited face The Immigrants Falling leaves A long stroll to opportunity The shade of water: A dark man’s tribute to his white mother Angela’s cinders ‘Tis Many voices: Reflections on encounters of indigenous kid partition My place When the pelican chuckled Slave: The genuine story of a girl’s lost adolescence and her battle for endurance A youngster named â€Å"It† Home to mother The ringer container My excursion behind the cover Belonging: Aust ralians, place and Aboriginal proprietorship Sparrow garden Snake support From elsewhere: People from different nations who have made Australia home Almost French Nobody no place Picture books AuthorAdams, Jeanie Allen, Pamela Baille, Alan Baille, Alan Baker, Jeannie Baker, Jeannie Bell, Helen Crew, Gary Cunxin, Li Dumbleton, Mike Gleeson, Libby Graham, Bob Graham, Bob Greder, Armin Grimm, Brothers Grimm, Brothers Jeffers, Oliver Killeen, Gretel King, Stephen Michael King, Stephen Michael King, Stephen Michael Le Guin, Ursula Le Guin, Ursula Lester, Helen Loh, Morag Marin, Gabiann Marsden, John Marsden, John Mattingley, Christobel Mattingley, Christobel McLean, Janet Miller, David Millman, Isaac Morimoto, Junko Morimoto, Junko Nilan, Kilmeny Norrington, Leonie Ottley, Matt Patterson, A. B. and Digby, Desmond Perrault, Charles Riddle, Tohby Stohner, Anu Tan, Shaun Tan, Shaun Tan, Shaun Title Pigs and nectar Black canine Old enchantment Rebel! Having a place Millicent Idjhil Memorial The laborer ruler Downsized A customary day Greetings from Sandy Beach Spirit of expectation The Island Hansel and Gretel Snow White Lost and discovered Cherry pie Henry and Amy Milli, Jack and the moving feline Mutt hound! Stories of the Catwings Jane on her own Tacky the penguin The kinder cap A genuine individual Home and away The bunnies The large swim The race Oh, Kipper Refugees Hidden childMy Hiroshima The night peddle star Two intense teddies You and me: Our place Requiem for a brute Waltzing Matilda Cinderella (and different stories from Perrault) The singing cap Brave Charlotte The lost thing Tales from external the suburbs The red tree Utemorrah, Daisy Vander Zee, Ruth Wheatley, Nadia Wild, Margaret Wild, Margaret Zamorano, Ana Do not circumvent the edges Erika’s story Luke’s method of looking The absolute best of companions Woolvs in the sitee Let’s eat Plays Author Davis, Jack Ibsen, Henrik Kafka, Franz Maris, Hyllus and Borg, Sonia Miller, Arthur P inter, Harold Shakespeare, William Williams, Tennessee Title Barungin: Smell the breeze Hedda Gabler The preliminary Women of the sun Death of a sales rep The guardian Othello The glass zoological display Poetry AuthorFrost, Robert Murray, Les Anonymous Wright, Judith Wright, Wright , Judith Dawe, Bruce Wright, Judith Tennyson, Alfred Kendall, Henry Eliot, T. S. Ice, Robert Mackellar, Dorothea Wright, Judith Plath, Sylvia Auden, W. H. Wright, Judith Title Acquainted with the night A totally conventional rainbow Beowulf Bora ring Eli, Eli The dull ones Enter without to such an extent as thumping Half standing young ladies The woman of Shallot The remainder of his clan The adoration tune of J. Alfred Prufrock Mending divider My nation Nigger’s jump Paralytic Refugee blues River twist Film and TV Amistad Beauty and the mammoth Bend it like Beckham Charlie and the chocolate plant Crocodile Dundee Dead poet’s society Easy rider Edward Scissorhands E. T. the extra-earthbound Finding Forrester Finding Nemo Fried green tomatoes Gandhi Grease Hairspray Happy feet High early afternoon Hotel Rwanda How to make an American blanket Life is delightful Little Miss Sunshine Lord of the flies Man from Snowy River Mean young ladies Memoirs of a geisha Muriel’s wedding My huge Greek wedding My splendid profession Neverending story Oliver Twist Once were warriors Piano, The Priscilla, sovereign of the desert Rebecca Scales of equity Schindler’s list Sound of music Storm kid Sum of us Sweeney Todd Titanic To murder a mockingbird To sir with adoration Trainspotting Transamerica Tristan and Isolde Twilight V for feud Waterfront Watership down Whale rider What’s eating Gilbert Grape Wizard of Oz Documentary Film and Television Bowling for Columbine Darwin’s bad dream First Australians †SBS arrangement

Holistic Marketing Meaning, Concepts, and Importance

Holistic Marketing â€" Meaning, Concepts, and Importance Marketing is a very diverse field. If you ask ten different marketers to tell you the best marketing approach, there is a high chance you will get ten different answers.Some will swear by viral marketing, others will swear by brand marketing, others by channel marketing, some by celebrity marketing, and yet others will swear by content marketing.Actually, there are over 100 different types of marketing. In such an environment, choosing the right approach that will give your business an edge over your competitors becomes quite a challenge.At the same time, the marketing environment has undergone a lot of changes.With the rise of the internet and issues such as hyper-competition, globalization, and social corporate responsibility, traditional marketing approaches are no longer effective.In addition, technological advancements in the last few decades have given everyone the ability to produce cheaper and better products at a faster rate.This has made it increasingly difficult for busine sses to compete on price or quality alone.Instead, businesses today have been forced to compete using intangible assets, such as customer relationships, brands, customer service, and so on.According to branding expert Ron Strauss, intangible assets represent 84% of a company’s market value today, but they only made up 17% of a company’s market value in 1975, less than 50 years ago.In light of these changes in the marketing environment and in the way we do business today, the best and most effective marketing approach is to approach it from a holistic perspective.The concept of holistic marketing looks at marketing not as an isolated aspect of business, but as an element that needs to be integrated into each and every aspect of the entire business.This is the only way for a business to remain relevant and profitable in today’s world.WHAT EXACTLY IS HOLISTIC MARKETING? There are two major definitions of holistic marketing.According to the Business Dictionary, holistic marketing is“a marketing strategy that is developed by thinking about the business as a whole, its place in the broader economy and society, and in the lives of its customers. It attempts to develop and maintain multiple perspectives on the companys commercial activities.”Philip Kotler, an American marketing professor and consultant on the other hand defines holistic marketing as a concept that it“based on the development, design, and implementation of marketing programs, processes, and activities that recognize their breadth and interdependencies. Holistic marketing recognizes that ‘everything matters’ with marketing and that a broad, integrated perspective is necessary to attain the best solution.”The holistic approach to marketing is based on the premise that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.For instance, in an automobile, there are several different parts.The engine, the wheels, the brakes, the exhaust system, the electrical system, the steering wheel, you name i t.In order for the automobile to function as it should, not only should each of these parts be working, but they should all be able to work in concert with each other.The car won’t work very well if the steering wheel works independent from the wheels or any other part.Holistic marketing uses a similar approach, such that all aspects of the business work together as an interconnected entity with a common goal.With the holistic approach, marketing is a shared activity that involves everyone related to the business.Ordinarily, a business is comprised of various departments, such as finance, sales, marketing, HR, RD, procurement, and so on.Under the traditional marketing approach, the function of each of these departments was siloed from the rest of the organization.The marketing and selling of product was the responsibility of the sales and marketing department, while other departments focused on other things.Under the holistic marketing approach, all the departments within the orga nization work together towards the marketing and sale of the organization’s products.They are all required to come together to create a unified and positive brand image in the minds of the customer.All of them have the responsibility of making sure that the customer buys from the organization rather than the competition.The holistic marketing approach also encourages the unification of marketing communications.In today’s environment where customers have multiple channels for gaining information about a company â€" social media, the company website, paid ads on the internet, traditional mass media channels, brochures, bill boards, and so on â€" it is very easy for a business to send out a fragmented message.Unfortunately, this only makes the business lose credibility in the eyes of the customer.Holistic marketing ensures that a uniform message is sent to the customer regardless of the channel they use to gain information about the company.This in turn contributes to a stronger br and image.In addition, the holistic approach considers all the stakeholders who are involved in ensuring the success of a business.These include the employees, customers, shareholders, suppliers, as well as the community in which the business operates.All marketing decisions are made after considering the impact of the decision on all the stakeholders.Marketers need to make sure that all marketing decisions are in line with the decisions of the other stakeholders.Only by doing this can a business survive and thrive in today’s hyper-competitive business environment.For the holistic marketing approach to be successful, there is need for the following:A common goal: The holistic marketing approach requires that all parts and aspects of the business work in harmony towards one common goal of delivering a great customer experience.Aligned activities: All business activities, processes, communication and services should be aligned towards the achievement of the common goal of providing a great customer experience.Integrated activities: All activities and processes within the business should be designed and integrated in such a way that they work in concert to provide a consistent, uniform and seamless customer experience.COMPONENTS OF HOLISTIC MARKETINGIn the past, marketing typically followed a linear “one-to-many” communication model where the company broadcasted information through one channel to many customers.Today, this model has become obsolete.It has been replaced by a “many to many” model where customers can get information about your business from many different channels, some of which you don’t even have any direct control over.Today, customers’ perception of your business depends is influenced by various channels, including what you post on your social media pages, what their friends are saying about your business on social media, what is on your website, your employees’ behaviors and attitude, both online and offline, what review sites a re saying about your business, and so on.To ensure that there is a unified message despite the broad channels through which customers learn about and interact with your business, the holistic marketing approach has five different components which come together to unify your company’s brand image.These components are:Relationship MarketingThis component of holistic marketing is focused on building strong and long lasting relationships with all stakeholders who can directly or indirectly influence the success of the business.These include the customers, employees, shareholders, suppliers, channel partners, regulatory bodies, and financial institutions.The aim of relationship marketing is to focus on marketing activities that create a strong, emotional bond between the business and these stakeholders and cultivate loyalty from them, rather than simply interacting with them only during transactions.To do this, the business needs to start by understanding and then meeting the needs, de sires and goals of these stakeholders.The result of effective relationship marketing is a strong marketing network.When the customers have an emotional connection with the business and are loyal to the business, they are more likely to leave positive reviews about the business, they are more likely to make repeat purchases, and are more likely to recommend the business to their friends, helping project a positive brand image even if you have no direct control over what they say about the company.When the employees are loyal and have an emotional connection to the business, they are more likely to act in a way that projects a positive brand image, even when they are outside the office.The same applies to all the other stakeholders.The stronger the relationship they have with the company, the more likely they will be involved in positively marketing the business, whether directly or indirectly.Think of a company like Apple.The company’s customers are very loyal to the brand, and act as the company’s brand ambassadors all over the world.This has contributed to making Apple the most valuable brand in the world.Integrated MarketingIntegrated marketing is about creating a unified and seamless customer experience across all the touch points where the customer interacts with the brand and ensuring that all marketing communication â€" sales promotions, advertisements, digital marketing, print advertising, direct marketing, public relations, etc. â€" deliver the same message.Ensuring that all the marketing communication is in sync helps deliver an efficient and effective message to potential customers and projects a strong and focused brand image.Internal MarketingMost companies put a lot of resources on external marketing, but only few of them place any focus on internal marketing.External marketing is the standard form of marketing that is geared towards customers. Internal marketing, on the other hand, is geared towards the company’s employees.But why should a business market itself to its employees?The simple answer is because the employees play a crucial role in marketing the organization and its products to the external customers.The internal marketing approach requires that the organization’s employees be treated as internal customers who need to be convinced of the organization’s vision and mission.Internal marketing also involves ensuring that the internal employees are aware of the role they play in the marketing process, even if they are not in the marketing department. Internal marketing also requires the organization to ensure the satisfaction of its employees, since employee satisfaction has a very major influence on customer satisfaction.Under the internal marketing approach, the organization should hire the right employees, train and motivate them, and inculcate business values in them so that they can provide the highest quality of service to customers.Employees’ should have full information not only about the organiza tion’s vision and mission, but also about the organization’s products and service.Without this information, they will do a poor job convincing customers to purchase the organization’s products and services.Finally, internal marketing is also about ensuring that there is coordination and harmony among all the various marketing functions within the business.For marketing to be effective, there should be no conflicts between the marketing department and other departments, or within the marketing department itself, since this would negatively affect external marketing as well.Socially Responsible MarketingThe responsibility of the organization is not limited to its customers. It also extends to the society in which the organization operates.Socially responsible marketing requires that all marketing decisions and activities should be guided by laws, business ethics, society, and respect to the environment.The organization should avoid any marketing activities that are socially harm ful, even if these activities are economically profitable.The marketing activities need to be adopt responsible behavior towards the society.In addition, the organization can also engage in socially responsible marketing through corporate social responsibility and philanthropic activities.Engaging in corporate social responsibility not only helps the community in which the organization operates, it also helps to enhance the organization’s brand.Performance marketingThis is an often forgotten component of holistic marketing which is focused on the returns of marketing activities to the business.Marketers should be able to show a return on investment on any resources spent on marketing and to show the effect of these marketing activities on the business.The five components of holistic marketing come together to ensure that all aspects and departments of the business work together as a single unit with the common goal of increasing sales and delivering a great customer experience.IMP ORTANCE OF THE HOLISTIC MARKETING APPROACHThe holistic marketing approach has a number of benefits. These include:Brand BuildingLike we saw earlier, a company’s brand as well as other intangible assets make up about 84% of the company’s market value, which is a very huge increase from 50 years ago.In addition, consumers’ approach to shopping is also changing.Today, customers pay more attention to the brand than the product. This shows that there is need to put greater focus on brand building.The holistic marketing approach helps build a stronger brand by projecting a positive and unified image among all the company’s stakeholders and across all the touch points through which customers interact with the brand.ConsistencyConsistence is vital for any brand that wants to remain relevant in the long term.Today, people and other businesses have less disposable income floating around, and before making any purchase decision, consumers are taking a lot of care to ensure that they ar e getting worth for their money.Before buying, consumers will research the company and the product both online and offline.This is usually done without directly engaging the company.During this research phase, it is crucial to ensure that the customer experience is consistent across all the channels the customer might opt to use to learn more about your company and products.An inconsistent experience will make it harder for customers to trust your business, which means you might be losing customers without even knowing about it.By ensuring that a unified message and brand image is sent out through all channels and to all stakeholders, the holistic marketing approach helps maintain consistency.Holistic marketing also ensures that all touch points through which customers interact with your business are integrated such that they provide a seamless experience to the customer regardless of where the customer is interacting with your business.This consistency helps build customers’ conf idence and trust in your brand.EfficiencyWe have already seen that the aim of the holistic marketing approach is to ensure that all the aspects of the business are working together in harmony towards a common goal.When there is such alignment, it becomes a lot easier to ensure that resources are deployed where they will be most effective.Having all the aspects working in harmony also reduces the likelihood of duplication of effort, making business processes more efficient and helping the organization to save money and time.Finally, when all aspects and departments are working in concert with each other, it becomes easier to spot opportunities and take advantage of them, and identify potential risks and address them before they pose a real threat to the organization.EffectivenessThe holistic marketing approach focuses on the bigger picture rather than on the smaller details.This bird’s eye view creates a powerful synergy that effectively enhances your brand positioning and brand me ssaging in the eyes of your customers.THE HOLISTIC MARKETING FRAMEWORKThe holistic marketing framework is a process that helps organizations use the holistic marketing approach and the interactions between the organization’s various stakeholders and collaborators to create, renew and maintain customer value.The holistic marketing framework is comprised of three value based activities, which are:Value ExplorationThis is the process through which organizations identifies new opportunities for value creation. In order to develop a value exploration strategy, the organization needs to have an understanding of how the following three spaces interact together:The consumer’s cognitive spaceThe organization’s competence spaceThe collaborator’s resource spaceThe consumer’s cognitive space refers to your customers’ existing and latent needs, as well as other customer dimensions such as the need for freedom, stability, participation and change.The organization’s competency space refers to the organization’s capabilities.The collaborator’s resource space refers to the ability of the organization to partner with other organization’s to either serve the organization’s value creation or to exploit market opportunities.By evaluating how the relationships between these three spaces and how they interact with each other, business can easily identify new opportunities for value creation.Value CreationAfter identifying value creation opportunities during the value exploration stage, the organization needs to develop value creation skills to take advantage of the opportunity.In order to do this, marketers need to determine any new benefits the customers want from the customer’s point of view, and then use the organization’s core competencies and strategic partnerships with collaborators to deliver these benefits.The key thing during this step is to get into the customers minds and understand how they think.This can be done by observing who the customers i nteract with, who they admire, and the people that hold the greatest influence over the customers.Value DeliveryFinally, the organization needs to actually deliver value to the customers.In most cases, this requires the organization to make huge investments in both infrastructure and capabilities.The organization will also need to become competent in managing customer relationships, internal resources, and business partnerships.Managing customer relationships means that the organization needs to have a clear idea of who its customers are, their behaviors, and their needs.This makes it easier for the business to properly respond to customer opportunities.In order to effectively respond to customer opportunities, the organization needs to be able to able to manage the resources and processes involved in delivering value to the customers.Finally, the organization needs to be able to manage any business partnerships it will enter into in the delivery of value to customers.WRAPPING UPWit h the changing face of the business environment and increased competition, the holistic marketing concept has emerged as one of the greatest ways for businesses to remain competitive.Under the holistic marketing approach, marketing is not viewed as an isolated element of business.Instead, holistic marketers understand that marketing is most effective when all aspects and elements of the business work together towards a common goal of selling products and delivering an exceptional customer experience.If you haven’t started using the holistic marketing approach yet, give it a try and see the great benefits it will unlock for your business.

Preserving Innocence in The Catcher in the Rye - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 671 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/05/28 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Catcher in The Rye Essay Did you like this example? The worst worry for a child is losing a favorite toy or forgetting to bring lunch. A childrs innocence is a fundamental piece of their adolescence. It suggests they are not completely mindful of the worldrs inconveniences. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Preserving Innocence in The Catcher in the Rye" essay for you Create order J.D. Salingerrs The Catcher in the Rye portrays Holden Caulfield, a struggling 16 year old and narrator of the novel, values innocence in particular and attempts to preserve it throughout the story. It is clear to readers that Holden obtains many psychological traits that result in his stay at a sanatorium. Despite the fact that he has made irrational choices for his age, he had purposes for his decisions. Throughout Holdenrs life, he has felt the necessity to preserve innocence from his psychological traits like selective memory and emotional instability. In the novel, Holden is conveyed as naive to the realities of adulthood and wishes to forever save the purity of childhood innocence. Holden uses his selective memory to reminisce about his encounters when innocence was apparent. For instance, when Holden was headed to get a record for Phoebe, his younger sister, he sees a young boy singing, If a body catch a body coming through the rye (Salinger 129). When Holden recalls what he heard to Phoebe, she corrects him claiming, Itrs ?If a body meet a body coming through the rye (Salinger 191). Holden knew she was right, however, when he had seen the innocence of the child, his selective memory and longing to become the catcher in the rye made him overlook this detail. This is a reference to the infamous Robert Burns poem, Comin Thro the Rye, which is a poem about sex, an adult reality that Holden cannot comprehend. The young child singing about a catcher influenced him to disregard the genuine meaning of the poem. Furthermore, Holdenrs utmost desire to preserve purity is shown all in the novel by his recurring emotional instability. Holdenrs date with Sally, a woman he likes, is one of the numerous examples in which reveal this trait. For instance, he asked her, How would you like to get the hell out of here? I could get a job somewhere and we could live somewhere with a brook and all and, later on, we could get married or something (Salinger 147). Of course, this led to an unpleasant argument that influenced him to make the conclusion that she was a phony and did not contact her much afterward. Once again, Holden is in conflict with adulthood and realizes that his innocence was taken away when he came to Sally on the date. He wishes that he could elude from the adult world with someone he had believed would help preserve purity, yet is compelled to reason that she is phony like the rest of the world. In addition, Holden demonstrates his emotional instability due to his violent thoughts and outbursts. When Holden saw the swear words f*** you composed on the walls of Phoebers school, he has brutal contemplations. He exclaims, I kept picturing myself catching him at it, and how Id smash his head on the stone steps till he was good and goddam dead and bloody. I kept wanting to kill whoever written it (Salinger 221). When Holden saw these words in Phoebers elementary school, he saw the innocence of a child being taken away and he was so angry and frustrated, that he thought of hurting the child. This only helped his belief that grown-ups ruin and contaminate children. All through the novel, Holden was confronted with many adult concepts with which he did not want to be associated. He prefers that adulthood does not exist so that the innocence of a child can remain throughout his or her life. He used his selective recollection and emotional instability to try and last the pureness of a child. He feels that no child should grow up and be compelled to live in the world of adults due to the standards of society, and tries his hardest to avail these children as the catcher of the rye.

Essay on Multi-Agents for Decision Support Systems in...

Abstract: With the advent of e-systems; business and consumers have access to a plethora of information which makes the decision making process more complex. The overwhelming information flow makes it extremely difficult for decision makers to analyze the available data and make precise decisions. Under such an information intensive online environment, businesses need to make real time intelligent decisions in order to stay economically and commercially viable. Multi agent systems have the inherent ability to facilitate provision of an adequate decision support mechanism in an e-business setting. These multi –agent decision support systems are of particular assistance in processing large amounts of data, filtering out irrelevant†¦show more content†¦Computer systems that have the inherent capacity to take decisions when required are referred to as agents. These systems are designed to make intelligent choices according to the situation. These agents when operate in a rapidly ch anging environment where real time decision making is required are known as intelligent agents. Typical examples of a multi-agent system include a computer program that would perform an internet search for a typical query. The agent would synthesize the relevant information from various web sources and return a document that would carry relevant information based on our query (Weiss, 1999). Based on the prelude, we may define an agent as â€Å"An autonomous, reactive, pro-active computer system, typically with a central locus of control that is at least able to communicate with other agents via some kind of communication language† (Weiss, 1999) 1.2 Decision Support Systems and Web Based DSS Decision support systems on the other hand have been an important addition to the computerized support in various activities particularly with respect to providing a solution to managerial problems. Computerized decision support is now being widely employed in multi varied disciplines such as research support, disaster management, medical support and supply chain management etc. After theShow MoreRelatedQuestions On Knowledge Driven Dss1278 Words   |  6 Pagesand acquire home energy retrofit knowledge which can be integrated in the development of an intelligent decision support system to gain more understanding of home energy retrofits and serve as a single source of comprehensive and reliable information for homeowners. However, the adoption rate is low regardless of well-established benefits due to insufficient or unsuitable information for decision making for homeowners. Three main research questions dominating knowledge elicitation are: †¢ How to determineRead MoreThe Patient-Centered Medical Home: Highlights and Important Details1310 Words   |  5 PagesThe Patient-Centered Medical Home: Highlights and Important Details Managed by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the â€Å"patient centered medical home† (PCMH) or â€Å"primary care medial home† is the country’s primary care system. The goal, aAccording to the AgencyAHRQ, the goal is to provide â€Å"high- quality, accessible, efficient health care for all Americans.† The mission of the medical home model is to â€Å"improve health care in Americans by transforming how primary care is organizedRead MoreWeb Intelligence And Its Usefulness1543 Words   |  7 Pagesmany areas and disciplinary of research available and Web Intelligence (WI) is one of the new sub disciplinary of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Advanced IT. When AI and IT is implemented on web it defines WI. WI is used to develop web – empowered system, Wisdom Web, Web Mining, web site automation, etc. In this paper, detail discussion is done on Web Intelligence and its usefulness in developing intelligent web. Many literatures a re also discussed related to the Web Intelligence and at the end challengesRead MoreThe Nature Of Information That Must Be Displayed By Computer Essay1255 Words   |  6 Pagesbecause non-routine problem solving is the norm (e.g., A2AD situations). Insight was selected for study because it possesses several key attributes: (1) insight involves sensemaking (Patterson Eggleston, under review), a precursor to successful decision making; (2) insight scales to the real world and is not just a laboratory phenomenon (Wallas, 1926); and (3) insight in the laboratory can be primed via certain cues—made faster and more accurate (e.g., Broderbauer, Huemer Riffert, 2013; MaierRead MoreA Multi Agent Cross Platform Modelingand-1952 Words   |  8 Pages a multi-agent cross-platform modelingand- simulation environment, has been enhanced with new capabilities. We explain selected simulations from our Models Library and describe recent enhancements (e.g., 3D) and demonstrate extensions (e.g., music). We focus on H u b N e t [5], a technological infrastructure for facilitating participatory simulations [6], run these activities with participants, and discuss learning experiences afforded by these activities. INTRODUCTION NetLogo [3] is a multi-agentRead MoreDual Approach For Information Technology Strategic Management Essay1465 Words   |  6 Pagessuggest a dual approach to information technology strategic management: on one hand, the firm should develop the capability to implement efficiently some â€Å"standard† solutions on an opportunity-based approach; on the other hand, it should embed its IT system in the organization with a strong top management commitment and a clear strategic alignment. It also highlights the contribution of IT in helping to restructure the entire distribution set up to achieve higher service levels and lower inventory andRead MoreFusion Techniques For Reliable Information2599 Words   |  11 PagesSUBMISSION DATE:- 04/16/2014 ABSTRACT: This report focuses on the Data combined by multi-sensors as a critical variable for acquiring solid context oriented data in keen spaces which utilize the pervasive and omnipresent registering strategies. Versatile combination enhances hearty operational framework exhibitions then settles on a solid choice by diminishing indeterminate data. Then again, these combination systems experience the ill effects of issues with respect to the exactness of estimation orRead MoreLabour Conditions in Hong Kong Essay example1749 Words   |  7 Pagesaccounting for more than 90% of GDP. Back to the past, the impact of the extensive outbreak of SAR(Severe acute respiratory syndrome) which is a contagious and sometimes fatal respiratory illness.It began to plague China in February and March 2003, is multi-faceted and is affecting the country politically, economically and socially to various extents. Therefore, the economic recession had occurred in Hong Kong, which led to the reduced industry and many people were becoming unemployed. After a few yearsRead MoreHow Can E-Signaturess Used At HIPAA Audit System1264 Words   |  6 Pagescovered entities to conduct a risk assessment before deciding can e-signatures be used under HIPAA rules in their particular environment. It is critically important that the conditions necessary for e-signatures under HIPAA rules are addressed and solved before a covered unit adopts e-signatures for any critical communications in which a patient’s individually identifiable protected health information is involved. The conditions for e-signatures under HIPPA rules are legal agreement, user authenticationRead MoreImplementation of E-Government in Malaysia1681 Words   |  7 PagesQUESTION 3 E-government refers to multi-dimensional communications that provide services to the public through the use of information communication technology (ICT). Discuss the rationale for implementing E-government in Malaysia. The implementation of electronic government started since the initiation of Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) by the Malaysian government. The status of e-government implementation in Malaysia is widely discussed as to the potential of e-government implementation towards

Folic Acid Free Essays

Folic Acid is a B vitamin, specifically B9. It is an essential nutrient required by the body to create healthy new cells. While we hear about it mostly in regards to pregnancy, it is important to understand that the need for folic acid goes even beyond this. We will write a custom essay sample on Folic Acid or any similar topic only for you Order Now Folic acid is essential for the body to create red blood cells which in turn prevents anemia. It is also plays an important role in the metabolism of homocysteine, an amino acid. The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for all men and women 14 and older is 400 mcg. Men often don’t realize this as the benefits to pregnant women are more publicized, but any human being is in need of proper amounts of folic acid to insure the body is able to create new red blood cells to nourish the body with oxygen. The recommendation is to either get this amount by using a dietary supplement or eating foods fortified with folic acid. Folic acid is the synthetic version of folate and appears to be absorbed by the body (also known as bioavailable) much better than the folate occurring naturally in food. One mcg of food folate (also called 1 DFE – Dietary Folate Equivalent) is equal to 0. 6 mcg of synthetic folic acid. This means that to meet the RDA from food alone, a woman or man would have to eat food naturally containing about 667 mcg per day (400/0. 6 ) which might prove difficult. Folic Acid is especially important to pregnant women. Women that have sufficient Folic Acid in their diet before and after they conceive, have a 50-70% less chance of having a baby with a brain or spine defect such as spina bifida or anencephaly . 1) Because of this the recommended dietary allowance for pregnant women is higher than for a woman that is not pregnant. The RDA for pregnant women is 600 mcg as opposed to 400 mcg. Any woman of childbearing age should be taking between 400 mcg – 600 mcg per day as about half of all pregnancies are unplanned. If a woman does not start supplementation until she is pregnant she has already lost some of the benefits, though starting it as soon as possible is still better than continuing with no supplementation. After her child is born she should continue supplementing as the RDA is 500 mcg during lactation. By consuming adequate folic acid while breastfeeding, a woman is providing her child with folic acid through her breast milk while still having enough to nourish her own body. There is continued study into other possible benefits of folic acid. One area of study is whether folic acid aids in prevention of heart disease. The studies have specifically looked at the amino acid homocysteine. Folic acid is known to break down homocysteine in the body. High levels of homocysteine in the blood are related to a higher risk of heart disease, but this hasn’t conclusively been shown to be a cause of heart disease. Because of the lack of evidence the American Heart Association (AHA) is not at this time considering hyperhomocysteinemia (too much homocystein) a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. AHA’s recommendation is to try and get the recommended allowance from fruits, vegetables and fat free or low fat dairy products. They say that supplements should only be used when the diet does not supply enough. Evidence is clear for folic acid supplementation reducing homocystein levels but is still lacking on whether homocystein will lower risk for cardiovascular disease. 2) Another area of study is folic acid’s role in reducing risk of certain forms of cancer. Low levels of folic acid in the blood have been linked to colon cancer, but it is too early to say if folic acid supplements can reduce risk of colon cancer. Other cancers that have been studied in relation to folic acid are breast, ovarian, pancreatic, esophageal, and stomach. Some have shown benefits to supplementation , but the results were not reproduced in subsequent studies, so at this time there is no recommendation for supplementation of folic acid to reduce risk of cancer. The American Cancer Society similar to the AHA recommendation is to eat a healthful diet with plenty of fruits and vegetables that contain folic acid along with other vitamins. Folic acid plays many important roles in the body. There is no doubting that it is essential. The reason that we need a constant stream of it is because it is not stored in large quantities in the body. It is water soluble. Fat soluble vitamins are stored for longer in our system. When ingested, the body uses what it can and the rest comes out in urine, in very little time the body will need more. We discussed how pregnant women get a proven benefit, and studies continue on its role in reducing risks of other diseases, but regardless of what additional benefits are found, it is clear that without folic acid in our bodies, we would not be alive. Folic acid aids in the production of red blood cells and the synthesis of DNA and RNA. Folate even has a role in the digestive system! It works with vitamins B12 and C to help the body digest and synthesize proteins. Lastly, folic acid helps tissues grow and cells function, it is an integral part of the body working as it should. You might wonder what would happen if you stopped consuming folic acid in the form of supplements or foods. One consequence that is quite likely under these conditions is folate-deficiency anemia. This type of anemia occurs when red cell production slows and the body no longer has a sufficient amount. Without enough red blood cells, oxygen cannot travel around the body quick enough. In a severe form, where the body is not making enough red blood cells over a period of time, the heart can start to malfunction. To compensate for the lack of oxygen getting to the body, the heart will start to beat faster in an attempt to correct the situation. Over a period of time this can cause congestive heart failure and even death. Shorter term symptoms would be fatigue, headaches, and pallor. Recovering completely from anemia can take several months. (3) The good news however is that folic acid is readily available. Beef Liver is a good meat source of folic acid with about 185 micrograms in 3 ounces. While liver is a great source, there are luckily many others for those of us that are not liver fans. Other natural sources are black eyed peas and spinach. Both have about 100 mcg of folate per 1/2 cup. Other vegetable sources are great northern beans (90 mcg), asparagus (85 mcg in 4 spears), vegetarian baked beans (60 mcg in 1 cup), broccoli (50 mcg in 1/2 cup), romaine lettuce (40 mcg in 1/2 cup), and avocado (45 mcg in 1/2 cup). If you prefer fruits, some examples of fruit sources are oranges, cantaloupe, papayas and bananas. A serving of each of these provides between 25-30 mcg of folic acid. Besides folate occurring naturally in foods, some foods are fortified as a result of the folic acid fortification regulations published by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) Foods that are folic acid fortified include cereal, pasta, and bread. Some cereals have 100% recommended daily value of 400 micrograms in 3/4 cup. One bowl of some cereals could provide your daily requirement of folic acid! Other cereals are fortified but to a lesser degree having about 100 mcg per 3/4 cup. Rice and breads are often fortified as well. One half cup of rice has 65 mcg of folic acid, while one slice of bread has 25 mcg. One of the latest news stories highlighted that folic acid was recently studied in its relation to academic success. Swedish researchers found that teens with higher levels of folic acid circulating did better academically than those with lower folic acid levels. The study noted that while there is no scientific evidence that taking folate supplements will be beneficial for teens, the results of this study show that there is a relationship. (4) Fruits and vegetables are certainly important in a diet, but in addition to healthful food, there seems to be clear evidence that a daily supplement or deliberate consumption of folic acid fortified foods will ensure you are reaching the RDA and allowing your body to function to its highest capacity. The Upper Limit recommendation is 1000 mcg, so there should be low concern if you, for example, have a day with high folate foods plus a supplement. Toxicity related to folic acid is very rare. While I always understood that folic acid was important to take as a supplement for pregnant women, I now understand much more deeply the importance it has for everyone. Before born, a baby is using folic acid to assist in development of the brain and spine. As a teen, there might be an academic benefit to having higher folate levels. Research has also pointed towards the elderly being less likely to have dementia and Alzheimer’s with proper folate intake. Throughout life, folate contributes to development and functioning of the brain and day in and day out folate helps your body function. ——————————————– 1. http://www. cdc. gov/ncbddd/folicacid/about. html 2 http://www. heart. org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/NutritionCenter/Homocysteine-Folic-Acid-and-Cardiovascular-Disease_UCM_305997_Article. jsp 3. http://www. mayoclinic. com/health/anemia/DS00321/DSECTION=complications 4. http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_114147. html Sample Menu While I am now convinced that a folic acid supplement is the best way to ensure adequate consumption of folic acid, the below menu is assuming I am not regularly taking a folic acid supplement. the menu doesn’t include all food I would eat, just those that have folic acid. Breakfast: 1 cup Cherrios – 50% RDA = 200 mcg Lunch: 1/2 cup Success White Rice (fortified) – 20% RDA = 80 mcg 4 Asparagus spears – 22% RDA = 85 mcg Snack: 1 banana – 8% RDA = 30 mcg Dinner: 2oz Barilla medium shells – 30% RDA = 120 mcg Total: 515 mcg Another simple choice is to have 1/3 cup of All Bran Buds for breakfast. This has 400 mcg! 100% of daily recommended value. How to cite Folic Acid, Essay examples

The Hunger Games analysis free essay sample

One of the most influential, albeit controversial, book series of 2008 is written by Suzanne Collins, an author who previously had been a children’s television writer. Collins, in her new series The Hunger Games, delves into the dark, questionable subject of child versus child combat. The heroine of the book, Katniss Everdeen, is someone to be admired and looked up to. Time and time again she makes the tough choices required of her. The Hunger Games also has an exciting storyline that will stick with you and keep you reading late into the night. But The Hunger Games is a book series, that although exciting, contains excessive violence and has what is possibly the worst ending to a critically acclaimed book series ever written. The Hunger Games has too much violence. In our society, the impact horrific violence has on children has been severely downplayed. Parents are letting teenagers, or even pre-teens play realistically violent video games and watch disturbingly real movies that show scenes of adults being tortured and killed. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hunger Games analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Society has made this normal, to the point to where it is hard to fit in at middle school or high school without playing and watching this sort of content. Reports and studies done over the last fifty years on this subject have shown that violence on television as well as video games makes a significant impact on a child’s behavior. One study, conducted by an expert panel that the Surgeon General convened, The Influence of Media Violence on Youth, concluded that â€Å"Research on violent television and films, video games, and music reveals unequivocal evidence that media violence increases the likelihood of aggressive and violent behavior in both immediate and long-term contexts† (Anderson). Another experimental study showed that even a single exposure can increase aggression in children. Kaj Bjorkqvist, a professor of developmental psychology, randomly assigned one group of five- to six-year-old Finnish children to watch violent movies, another to watch nonviolent ones. Raters who did not know which type of movie the children had seen then observed them playing together in a room. Children who had just watched the violent movie were rated much higher on physical assault and other types of aggression (Bjorkqvist). The Hunger Games trilogy possesses multiple brutal, vivid descriptions of torture and violence throughout, making them inappropriate for children to read. In fact, the whole premise of the trilogy is based on a dystopian reality. A reality where children fighting other children to the death is not only acceptable but seen as entertainment. These ideas can permeate a child’s mind and change their perception about reality. As well as excessive violence, The Hunger Games trilogy contains the worst ending of any book series I have ever read. All stories need a good ending. You can see proof of this everywhere, from The Lord of the Rings, to Star Wars, to every comic book ever made. They all have one thing in common, a happy ending. But even unhappy endings can be satisfying if done logically. For example, Romeo and Juliet has an extremely sad ending, one where the main characters all die. Yet because of the logic employed by Shakespeare, you finish the book with a feeling it was supposed to happen that way. But in the last three pages of The Hunger Games, Suzanne Collins changes Katniss’s morals more than the rest of the series combined. That would be ok, though, if Ms. Collins had somehow given hints that Katniss was changing. Instead, the only logic used to explain this sudden change in morals is Katniss’s insanity during the third book. The dystopian ending gets under your skin because deep down, people want things to turn out like they are supposed to. I would be willing to accept even this dystopian ending, although it is mind wreckingly frustrating, if it weren’t for the afterword of the final book. In this afterword, Suzanne Collins wants us to believe, however illogical it may be, that Katniss does get a happy ending. In this afterword Katniss is living a simple, carefree life away from the politics, is with Peeta, and has two children. This lack of logic is where I draw the line and decisively say that the ending to The Hunger Games is the worst ending ever. To understand why I say Katniss’s morals changed illogically, we must first look at who Katniss was at the beginning of the series. In the beginning of the first book Katniss is a sweet, albeit hardened, teenage girl who wants nothing more than to protect her family and live the best life possible. When disaster strikes her home and her sister Prim is chosen as tribute for the hunger games, she is so protective that she is willing to sacrifice her life to give Prim a future. She later joins the rebellion for one reason: to make sure no child will ever have to endure the frightfulness of being chosen as tribute. So Katniss starts out, and stays throughout the first two books, as someone who feels the compulsion to protect others. She wants to give others a better life even if it means sacrificing her own. She strongly believes, rightly so, that the Hunger Games are wrong, immoral, and just plain evil. This belief is what drives her to make some difficult decisions throughout the series. Her sense of morality also tells her that The Capitol is a corrupt government that must be overthrown before progress can be made in the nation. In the beginning she understands that using children fighting children to instill a sense of fear in the population of Panem is immoral and that any system of government that runs off of fear is one that should not exist. That is a rough definition of Katniss’s morals; they define her and give her the strength to do what no one before her could. But in the last few pages of Mockingjay, all of this goes down the drain. Everything she stood for, everything she worked for, everything she is shown to be up to that point is obliterated. After the rebels have taken over The Capitol, and the happy ending is within sight, she, with a simple â€Å"yes,† reinstates a new form of the hunger games for the children of the fallen Capitol. This isn’t logical though. After all that she had been through to stop others’ suffering, she votes to make more innocent children suffer. That is not the character portrayed by Collins up to that point, and it ruins the logical flow of the book. It only goes downhill from there. After she votes to reinstate the hunger games, she receives the chance to execute President Snow for his crimes against the country. In a surprising turn of events motivated solely by a question asked by the criminal, the villain, the one person Katniss has been fighting against the entire time, President Snow, Katniss turns her bow from President Snow and kills the rebellion leader instead. Her character transformed during that short span of time from an admirable heroine to a bleak, lifeless character whose actions cannot be understood. But some might say the ending does not matter because the idea is so original and interesting. Some might argue that because of the originality of the topic, that all the negatives can be canceled out. But the idea of gladiatorial fighting for entertainment can be traced back to the Romans over a thousand years before The Hunger Games was even conceived. Even children fighting children to the death is not original to Collins. In Koushun Takami’s book Battle Royale, a group of fifty junior high children are taken to an abandoned island where they learn they are part of The Program. And they must fight each other to the death until only one person remains. They have to do this for research purposes. So those who say the originality of the book negates the excessive violence and shoddy ending have no ground to stand upon. Others might say that the third book, bad as it is, is better than no ending at all. The first two books are so enthralling that even knowing that the ending is horrible wouldn’t stop them from finishing the third book. I agree with this. When I was reading through the series myself, one of my friends told me that the ending was horrible, so bad I should just rip out the last three pages and just imagine an ending for myself. I laughed, but I was going to finish the books. Looking back, even if I had been told the exact ending, I would still have finished the books because the first two were so exciting that I would have expected at least some excitement out of Mockingjay. The Hunger Games, what can be said about them? The first two books are extremely well-written, dramatic novels that grab your attention and don’t let go. The characters are described with such vividity that you see a real person, with real emotions and feelings. Not only the characters, but the whole Hunger Games universe is described with such a realism you can picture yourself in the storyline. The plot, until the third book, has beautiful twists and turns, smaller stories within the story itself, and a great deal of excitement. The Hunger Games trilogy will make you feel the emotions the characters feel. While reading you hurt with Katniss when Rue dies, you feel elated when Peeta and Katniss both survive their first Hunger Games, and you are angry at the injustice of The Capitol. All these wonderful things make up what is called The Hunger Games, and if you overlook the unrestrained, graphic violence and the ending of the last book, then I have nothing but praise for Suzanne Collins’s trilogy. But I cannot. I cannot simply dismiss the excessive violence, the depressing mood of Mockingjay, and I cannot just forget about the worst ending ever written.

Masculinity, Movies And The War On Terror in Tvs hit Show 24 †Sociology Research Paper

Masculinity, Movies And The War On Terror in Tvs hit Show 24 – Sociology Research Paper Free Online Research Papers Masculinity, Movies And The War On Terror in Tvs hit Show 24 Sociology Research Paper When Robert Cochran and Joel Surnow began working on their new TV series 24 in early 2001, they could have had little idea how relevant and topical this seemingly innocuous action-adventure programme would become. Days before the show’s scheduled premiere, the September 11th terrorist attacks changed the USA’s political landscape in an instant. The show was immediately postponed (though only for a few days), and the initial episode was trimmed of the shot of a plane exploding in mid air , but the tragedy has hung over the show ever since (inevitably, given that the show centres around the fictional Los Angeles Counter Terrorism Unit in a country that has embarked on a ‘War On Terror’), and has undoubtedly informed the programme’s storylines and style, especially in the show’s second season, which explicitly parallels real-life events; the storyline revolves around a terrorist attack by Muslim fundamentalists and the appropriate(ness of) military response. This essay shall focus on the representations of masculinity, femininity and authority in 24, and how those representations appear to have been shaped by September 11th. 24’s central character, Jack Bauer (Kiefer Sutherland) has many obvious antecedents in American fiction. Perhaps his most obvious influence (perhaps even inspiration) is the character of Martin Riggs, played by Mel Gibson in Lethal Weapon (1987), a character whom Jack Bauer particularly resembles in Season 2 of 24. Both share a military background, rising to high levels and performing â€Å"black ops†, marking them out as highly trained and extremely dangerous characters (both characters’ experience and military training are demonstrated chiefly through their proficiency with firearms and their unflinching attitude towards killing). Both now work in a more domestic capacity (as a police officer and a CTU agent), and both characters (by Season 2 of 24) have lost their wives. Beyond this obvious precedent, however, Jack Bauer belongs to a long tradition of male action heroes who are willing to break the law in pursuit of the greater good – a tradition that can be traced back cinematically to the film noir heroes of the 1930s, and western heroes in the 1950s – tough and rugged men’s men, who are called upon to save a society which they do not necessarily conform to (e.g. Ethan Edwards [John Wayne] in The Searchers, or Sam Spade [Humphrey Bogart] in The Maltese Falcon). (In the context of 24 the society Bauer is unable to conform to is that of the espionage and law enforcement community: a closed society which follows a military command structure, where the ability to follow orders and play the political game is the most overwhelming requirement for success and promotion). Bauer is quickly shown to belong to this tradition of male action heroes in the first episode of 24, when he shoots his superior George Mason (Xander Berkeley) with a tranquilliser gun in order to blackmail George for information Bauer needs on the case. Indeed, Bauer’s disregard for authority and correct procedure often borders on the reckless, but he always breaks these rules in search of the greater good, never for his own personal gain, and in the first season much is made of Jack having made many enemies within CTU for reporting four corrupt agents. Once again, he breaks the rules and procedures of society (i.e. CTU) but never his own, personal code. Of course, Bauer is ultimately always proved correct, whilst his superiors almost invariably make the wrong move, forcing Bauer to work alone with minimal help from his colleagues at CTU. This of course serves the dramatic function of making Jack seem more heroic – going into a compound full of armed men with a SWAT team is a lot less courageous than going in alone. The character of Bauer does differ from these precedents in one important way, however: whereas most of these rugged heroes are doomed by their inability to fit in with society to live solitary lives, Bauer is a family man, and it is the kidnapping of his wife and daughter in the first season of 24 which drives the first 12 episodes, as Bauer is coerced into helping the terrorists in order to save his wife and daughters’ lives. During the course of the first two seasons of the show Jack is often confronted with mirror images of himself – most notably Ira Gaines (Michael Massee). Both characters have a similar military background, both kill without compunction, but whilst Gaines is now a mercenary, Jack works for the federal government, and whilst Bauer is a family man, there is no reference at any point to even the possibility of Gaines having a wife or children. The similarities between the two characters help to reinforce both the importance of family to the show and Jack’s work for the government, whilst simultaneously highlighting just how dangerous and brutal Jack Bauer can be; the similarities could even be said to raise questions as to whether Bauer’s actions are always morally justified, especially in light of the events of the second season. The second lead in 24 is Dennis Haysbert as Senator (and in Season 2, President) David Palmer. Whilst deeply different in many respects, Bauer and Palmer also have a great deal in common. Palmer is seen, like Bauer, to lack certain political skills (with a small ‘p’) – particularly the ability to compromise in order to promote his own agenda. Like Bauer he follows his own conscience and always does the right thing, rather than the most politically advantageous thing. Once again he does not entirely fit into the society around him (in this case the world of politics), and thus is at least partly also descended from the same tradition of men of honour in a dishonourable world that Bauer hails from. (Towards the end of season 2 Sherri Palmer makes the connection between the two men explicit: â€Å"You’re a very impressive man, Jack, but you see everything as either god or bad, just like David, and the world is so much more complicated than that.†) Palme r is also part of another, more recent tradition (perhaps even stereotype) in US cinema and television: that of the gruff but ultimately kindly and wise black man (e.g. Morgan Freeman in Deep Impact, Se7en and Bruce Almighty and James Earl Jones in Patriot Games and Clear and Present Danger). In this context the show’s position on what it means to be ‘masculine’ is clear: a ‘real man’ follows his own moral code, not the conventions of the society around him – adhering to what is right is more important than politicking for personal gain and career advancement. However Jack and Palmer’s moral stance does not always go unquestioned, especially in season 2. â€Å"24 appreciates these complications [that Sherri mentions], even if it might wish Jack was right. It reveals dangers from within the US administration (emerging from corruption and ineptitude equally), from within the perfect Southern Californian family, from within those ‘corporate interests’ propped up by government policies. It also gives you a hero, but he’s mad about it.† The concept of family is central to the first season of 24, as both Jack Bauer and David Palmer have to resolve issues within their families. Jack’s marriage is on shaky ground following him and his wife Teri’s recent separation, and Teri must in turn rebuild her relationship with her daughter Kim (Elisha Cuthbert) who blames Teri for Teri and Jack’s marital difficulties. Similarly Senator Palmer must come to terms with the revelation that his entire family covered up his son’s involvement in the accidental death of the man who raped his daughter several years previously, and the increasing realisation that his wife Sherri (Penny Johnson-Jerald) cannot be trusted. The villains of the first season are also revealed in the final episodes to be a family – the Drazens – whose sisters’ deaths were caused by Bauer and Palmer in a ‘black op’ during the Kosovo war (the rightness of their actions in attempting to assassinate Victor Drazen are never questioned: the issue is dismissed as Palmer describes him as â€Å"a monster† who was involved in ethnic cleansing – this is a contrast with the show’s second season), and great pains are taken to point out the poor family background of Rick, Kim’s reluctant kidnapper who later helps Kim and Teri escape Gaines (when Kim asks him at one point about his mother replies â€Å"Not all women are meant to be mothers†). In the Palmer subplot all the problems begin with the family’s failure to be honest with each other (specifically with Sherri’s failure to tell her husband what happened), and with David Palmer’s failure to keep his work from infringing on his private life. Teri even makes the point explicit at one point, opining â€Å"Everything bad that has happened to us in the past few hours has been because we haven’t been together.† The moral is not hard to mistake: that the family is paramount to all other concerns (Jack even risks Palmer’s life to save his own family), and those without a supportive and positive family life are weakened by the lack – Palmer’s whole family suffers the repercussions of the cover up, Rick is an essentially good person who falls in with a bad crowd due to his poor upbringing, and the Drazens are evil because a) their father was evil and b) Bauer and Palmer are responsible for the deaths of their sisters. In light of this it is worth examining the role of women in the first season of 24. With one exception (Roberta Green, who impedes Jack’s investigation not through treachery but through mismanagement and her dogmatic approach to her work) all the female characters in the first season fall into one of two categories: they are either damsels in distress, in need of rescue by the heroic men (i.e. Jack Bauer), or they are duplicitous and untrustworthy. The most obvious examples of female characters who require rescuing are Teri and Kim, but others include Janet York (Kim’s friend, who arranges the party where Kim is ultimately kidnapped) and David Palmer’s daughter (whom Palmer feels he must protect from the allegations regarding his son and thus prevent her having to revisit the memory of her rape). Even more worryingly, duplicitous women are as prevalent as helpless ones. Jamie Farrell (CTU’s computer programmer) is revealed to be in league with Ira Gaines; Nina ultimately is revealed to be a traitor and kills Teri; Sherri Palmer lies repeatedly to her husband and goes behind his back often enough that over the course of just 24 hours she destroys their entire marriage. Even Jamie Farrell’s mother knows more than she is at first willing to let on, having been the recipient of the money Jamie received from Gaines. Even Gaines has trouble with untrustworthy women when one of his employees tries to blackmail him for more money. Admittedly these roles are not absolutes: Teri and Kim show resilience and resourcefulness in aiding Jack find them when they have been kidnapped, but ultimately they still just wait around for Jack to rescue them. Similarly, Sherri truly believes she is doing the right thing for her family, and Jamie Farrell still elicits sympathy despite being a traitor. The most worrying aspect of this stereotyping is how often the duplicitousness of the female characters is conflated with sexuality. Nina is coded as a threat from the very beginning of the series – not as a potential traitor (after the first three episodes great pains are taken by the writers to convince the audience that she is a heroic character, to the extent that her final unmasking in the penultimate episode of season one makes no sense) – but as a threat to Jack’s marriage. We are told early on that Jack had a brief affair with Nina whilst he was separated from Teri, and reminders of this point are scattered throughout the season (CTU officials trying to persuade her to give away Jack’s location mock her for being in love with someone who doesn’t love her, and Teri ends Nina’s debriefing when she realises it was Nina whom Jack had the affair with). Thus tension is present in her relationship with Jack the entire time. Indeed, any devia tion from sex within a marriage is seemingly punished, or coded as a threat. Gaines’ troublesome employee is a lesbian; she is both untrustworthy and ultimately killed for her actions (the question must be asked whether in the meta-narrative she is truly punished for betraying Gaines – the villain of the piece – or for being a lesbian). Kim does not have sex with Rick when they first go on a date, and lives. Janet York does have sex with her date, and dies. One of Palmer’s campaign workers is having what is largely portrayed as a purely physical, casual relationship with a man who turns out to be one of the Drazen brothers, and she manages to straddle both the helpless victim and scheming seductress roles, as she agrees to help Jack get information on Alexis Drazen, but instead takes the opportunity to stab her lover. Even Sherri Palmer persuades David’s speech writer to attempt to seduce him so that she gain his confidence and report back to Sherr i. The only characters who are allowed to have pre- or extra-marital sex and live are Jack Bauer and Mandy (Mia Kirshner), and both are punished by the death of their partner. One of the most notable features of 24 is the recurring theme of trust and betrayal. Some critics have placed it as part of a new wave of television drama series which place as their central theme the question of whether governments and the people around us can be trusted. In the traditional police/action show â€Å"the police need togetherness to survive rather than utility-maximising individualism† , though they have also traditionally held as a theme â€Å"the fate of the individual ‘under’ technologisation† . 24 subverts this notion of togetherness, as the people and colleagues Bauer turns to for help are frequently revealed to be traitors. Perhaps even more importantly, the upper echelons of the CTU command structure are inevitably shown to be more politicians than policemen. They hinder Jack’s investigations far more often than they help him, and are far more concerned with the letter of the law (and helping their own careers) than with hunting down criminals. In the second season the President’s cabinet even turns on him and removes him from office. This mistrust of authority is an increasingly common theme in television drama series, particularly in the US, and can be traced back to the X-Files . More recently Alias (which premiered within weeks of 24) has based its entire series’ concept on the concept of trust, with even the lead character being a double agent. In the final episode of season one Jack is told (erroneously) by Nina that Kim has been killed. With no thought to his own safety he attacks the Drazens single-handedly and kills all of them, before finally murdering an unarmed Victor Drazen (Dennis Hopper), the father of the family. This extreme violence is justified within the context of the episode as he believes his daughter has been murdered, but he spends the entire second season in the same vicious mood. At the beginning of season two Jack is still grieving the death of his wife – he is angry and embittered, and much more violent. In the very first episode of the second season Jack murders a suspect in cold blood, then cuts off his head with a hacksaw. The reactions of the characters around him (particularly George Mason, played by Xander Berkely) help to guide the audience’s reaction: although they ultimately accept Jack’s actions as necessary in light of the massive threat facing the city, they are still deeply uncomfortable with them, and references are made to this incident throughout much of the second season. After all, the good guys aren’t supposed to murder people. Throughout the season Bauer is far more brutal than in the first, and kills far more people – in the first season when Jack rescues Teri and Kim from Gaines’ compound, Jack uses his machine gun for covering fire. Throughout the second season, Jack shoots to kill. It is hard in this context not to see Bauer in the second season as representing the US as a whole – just as Jack is grieving his wife’s death, and is angry at the world for that, similarly the US was (and in many respects still is) grieving the victims of the terrorist attacks on September 11th 2001, and is angry at the world for that. Although Jack’s actions, as the show’s hero, are only occasionally implicitly questioned (do the ends justify the means?), the show, later in its second season, much more explicitly criticises US foreign policy, as the focus of the storyline shifts away from finding the nuclear bomb, and towards preventing the US from starting a war with three countries who may be innocent (it is this issue which causes the hawks in Palmer’s administration to relieve him of his presidency). As Kiefer Sutherland says on his DVD commentary track: â€Å"Our show is about preventing a war; our country, unfortunately, is currently at war [with Iraq].† In this situation it is also interesting that the threat from within the government ranks comes not from traitors (though a couple are revealed within the White House early on in the season), but from honest people who genuinely believe they are doing the right thing. In these parameters the issue of trust moves from a personal to a national dimension: the question is not whether the people around the hero will betray him, but whether our leaders can be trusted to be capable of carrying out the task which they have been given. In its second season women are also far better represented: Michelle Dessler at CTU is an aid to Jack and acts heroically in defying her orders to do so. Similarly Kate Warner (who begins as an innocent bystander) withstands torture and later faces her torturer. Jack later sends her to rescue Kim as the only person he can trust. Bizarrely it would seem that as the US moved to the right politically, 24 moved to the left. The first season revolves around the theme of family, which is elevated through the stakes of the narrative to a level of life-or-death importance. Women are either helpless victims in need of rescuing, or deceitful and scheming (often posing a threat not just explicitly within the narrative, but implicitly to the family stability of either Jack Bauer or David Palmer), and the threat from within the government comes largely from these duplicitous women, who are traitors seeking only financial reward (when the threat is not these traitors it comes from petty self-serving bureaucrats who lack the courage to break the rules as Jack does: thus for following the rules these people are demonised). In its second season the focus shifts away from the closed domestic world to the international arena, and whilst Jack becomes ever more violent, even trigger-happy, the show itself calls for peace (even t o the extent of implicitly questioning its heroes’ actions), and for governments (specifically the US government) to resort to war less readily than they currently do. Bibliography *Due to the fact that 24 is a relatively new show (less than three years old) there is very little critical writing available on the programme. â€Å"TV drama says ‘Trust No-One’† by Amanda Cuda at www.uselessknowledge.com/opeds/article87.html â€Å"Action Series† by Toby Miller – The Television Genre Book, ed. by Glen Creeber, St Edmundsberry Press, Suffolk, BFI publishing 2001, p.18 popmatters.com/tv/reviews/t/24-season-2.shtml www.salon.com/ent/tv/int/2002/02/05/surnow/ Research Papers on Masculinity, Movies And The War On Terror in Tv's hit Show 24 - Sociology Research PaperWhere Wild and West MeetEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Hockey GameHonest Iagos Truth through Deception19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraPETSTEL analysis of IndiaThe Spring and AutumnCapital PunishmentHip-Hop is ArtThe Fifth Horseman

Tlaxcallan - Mesoamerican Stronghold Against the Aztecs

Tlaxcallan - Mesoamerican Stronghold Against the Aztecs Tlaxcallan was a Late Postclassic period city-state, built beginning about 1250 AD on the tops and slopes of several hills on the east side of the Basin of Mexico near modern day Mexico City. It was the capital of a territory known as Tlaxcala, a relatively small polity (1,400 square kilometers or about 540 square miles), located in the northern portion of the Pueblo-Tlaxcala region of Mexico today. It was one of a few stubborn hold outs never conquered by the powerful Aztec Empire. It was so stubborn that Tlaxcallan sided with the Spanish and made the overthrow of the Aztec empire possible. A Dangerous Enemy The Texcalteca (as the people of Tlaxcala are called) shared technology, social forms and cultural elements of other Nahua groups, including the origin myth of Chichemec migrants settling central Mexico and the adoption of farming and culture of the Toltecs. But they viewed the Aztec Triple Alliance as a dangerous enemy, and fiercely resisted the placement of an imperial apparatus into their communities. By 1519, when the Spanish arrived, Tlaxcallan held an estimated 22,500-48,000 people in an area of just 4.5 square kilometers (1.3 square miles or 1100 acres), with a population density of about 50-107 per hectare and domestic and public architecture covering about 3 sq km (740 ac) of the site. The City Unlike most Mesoamerican capital cities of the era, there were no palaces or pyramids at Tlaxcallan, and only a relatively few and small temples. In a series of pedestrian surveys, Fargher et al. found 24 plazas dispersed around the city, ranging in size from 450 to 10,000 square metersup to about 2.5 acres in size. The plazas were designed for public use; some small low temples were created at the edges. None of the plazas seems to have played a central role in the life of the city. Each plaza was surrounded by terraces on top of which were built ordinary houses. Little evidence of social stratification is in evidence; the most labor-intensive construction in Tlaxcallan is that of the residential terraces: perhaps 50 kilometers (31 miles) of such terraces were made in the city. The main urban zone was divided into at least 20 neighborhoods, each focused on its own plaza; each one was likely administered and represented by an official. Although there is no governmental complex within the city, the site of Tizatlan, located about 1 km (.6 mi) outside of the city across unoccupied rugged terrain may have acted in that role. Governmental Center of Tizatlan Tizatlans public architecture is the same size as the Aztec king Nezahualcoyotls palace in Texcoco, but instead of the typical palace layout of small patios surrounded by large numbers of residential rooms, Tizatlan is made up of small rooms surrounded by a massive plaza. Scholars believe it functioned as a central place for the pre-conquest territory of Tlaxcala, serving as many as 162,000 to 250,000 persons dispersed throughout the state in about 200 small towns and villages. Tizatlan had no palace or residential occupation, and Fargher and colleagues argue that the location of the site outside of town, lacking residences and with little rooms and big plazas, is evidence that Tlaxcala functioned as an independent republic. The power in the region was placed in the hands of a ruling council rather than a hereditary monarch. Ethnohistoric reports suggest that a council of between 50-200 officials governed Tlaxcala. How Did They Maintain Independence? The Spanish conquistador Hernn Cortà ©s said the Texcalteca kept their independence because they lived in freedom: they had no ruler-centered government, and the society was egalitarian compared to much of the rest of Mesoamerica. And Fargher and associates think thats right. Tlaxcallan resisted incorporation into the Triple Alliance empire despite being completely surrounded by it, and despite numerous Aztec military campaigns against it. Aztec attacks on Tlaxcallan were the among the bloodiest of battles waged by the Aztecs; both early historical sources Diego Muà ±oz Camargo and the Spanish inquisition leader Torquemada reported stories about the defeats that pushed the last Aztec king Montezuma to tears. Despite Cortes admiring remarks, many ethnohistoric documents from the Spanish and Native sources state that the continued independence of the Tlaxcala state was because the Aztecs allowed their independence. Instead, the Aztecs claimed they purposefully used Tlaxcallan as a place to provide military training events for Aztec soldiers and as a source for obtaining sacrificial bodies for imperial rituals, known as the Flowery Wars. There is no doubt that the ongoing battles with the Aztec Triple Alliance were costly to Tlaxcallan, interrupting trade routes and creating havoc. But as Tlaxcallan held its own against the empire, it saw an enormous influx of political dissidents and uprooted families. These refugees included Otomi and Pinome speakers fleeing imperial control and warfare from other polities who fell to the Aztec empire. The immigrants augmented Tlaxcalas military force and were fiercely loyal to their new state. Tlaxcallan Support of the Spanish, or Vice Versa? The main story line about Tlaxcallan is that the Spanish were able to conquer Tenochtitlan only because the Tlaxcaltecas defected from the Aztec hegemony and threw their military support behind them. In a handful of letters back to his king Charles V, Cortes claimed that the Tlaxcaltecas became his vassals, and that they were instrumental in helping him defeat the Spanish. But is that an accurate description of the politics of the Aztec fall? Ross Hassig (1999) argues that the Spanish accounts of the events of their conquest of Tenochtitlan are not necessarily accurate. He argues specifically that Cortes claim that the Tlaxcaltecas were his vassals is disingenous, that in fact they had very real political reasons to support the Spanish. The Fall of an Empire By 1519, Tlaxcallan was the only polity left standing: they were completely surrounded by the Aztecs and saw the Spanish as allies with superior weapons (cannons, harquebuses, crossbows and horsemen). The Tlaxcaltecas could have defeated the Spanish or simply withdrawn when they appeared in Tlaxcallan, but their decision to ally with the Spanish was a savvy political one. Many of the decisions made by Cortessuch as the massacre of the Chololtec rulers and selection of a new noble to be kinghad to have been plans devised by Tlaxcallan. After the death of the last Aztec king, Montezuma (aka Moteuczoma), the remaining true vassal states to the Aztecs made the choice to support them or throw in with the Spanishmost chose to side with the Spanish. Hassig argues that Tenochtitlan fell not as a result of the Spanish superiority, but at the hands of tens of thousands of angry Mesoamericans. Sources This article is a part of the About.com guide to the Aztec Empire, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Carballo DM, and Pluckhahn T. 2007. Transportation corridors and political evolution in highland Mesoamerica: Settlement analyses incorporating GIS for northern Tlaxcala, Mexico. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 26:607–629. Fargher LF, Blanton RE, and Espinoza VYH. 2010. Egalitarian ideology and political power in prehispanic central Mexico: the case of Tlaxcallan. Latin American Antiquity 21(3):227-251. Fargher LF, Blanton RE, Heredia Espinoza VY, Millhauser J, Xiuhtecutli N, and Overholtzer L. 2011. Tlaxcallan: the archaeology of an ancient republic in the New World. Antiquity 85(327):172-186. Hassig R. 1999. War, politics and the conquest of Mexico. In: Black J, editor. War in the Early Modern World 1450-1815. London: Routledge. p 207-236. Millhauser JK, Fargher LF, Heredia Espinoza VY, and Blanton RE. 2015. The geopolitics of obsidian supply in Postclassic Tlaxcallan: A portable X-ray fluorescence study. Journal of Archaeological Science 58:133-146.

Organisational Behavior and Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organisational Behavior and Analysis - Essay Example Through motivation, employees strive to perform at their best. Motivating employees is definitely a challenging task for any organisation. Hence, the financial rewards deliver an actual method to inspire and compensate the employees and tap them for better and exciting activities (Kohn, 1999). Rewards According to Janet Spence (1971), rewards tend to have a positive impact on motivation which involves the performance of employees to a large extent. Rewards serve as motivations for employees in an effort to inspire them in various methods such as altering job positions, reorganising job plans, developing working situations, and ranges of other activities (Kohn, 1999). The idea and prerequisite for motivation has been enticing much attention in the continuous change of business situation, altering technologies in the area of business and increasing difficulties. These aspects generate interference on the performance and on the level of proficiency of employees. Therefore, motivation he lps to maintain the level of proficiency as well as improve and even develop the performance of the employees to a significant extent. ... and Extrinsic Motivation Intrinsic motivation is demarcated as conducting an activity for intrinsic fulfilment rather than some distinguishable significance. When the employees are motivated intrinsically, they begin to act for excitement or challenge involved in their assigned tasks rather than due to external reasons, stresses or rewards. According to Hull (1943), a type of employees’ behaviour is the consequence of the motivation that was delivered by emotional forces, and the intrinsically motivated activities were specified to be those activities which offered satisfaction of the intrinsic emotional requirements. Employees have been witnessed to be motivated by satisfying their individual and inner requirements such as requirement for liberation, skill, positive relationship and better working environment in organisation (Ryan & Deci, 2000). Intrinsic motivation is a vital instrument for open-ended intellectual improvement as it is the driver of impulsive assessment and c uriosity. Intrinsic form of rewards can be stated as internal procedure of rewards which is experienced by an employee while undertaking a particular task such as new challenges, modification of work or task on the positive achievement of objectives, positive gratitude and sympathetic attitude of the company. To some extent, the financial contemplation or pay benefits does not work well as a motivator after surpassing a certain level of survival. In those conditions, the intrinsic features or elements swap the extrinsic aspect and act as robust and efficient motivators for employees (Ryan & Deci, 2000). On the other hand, extrinsic rewards are denoted to those rewards that appear in the form of material and are recognised as external with respect to task accomplished or implemented. The

Wireless network design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Wireless network design - Essay Example This paper looks at implementing wireless network in an organization. Why should one use wireless instead of the traditional wired networks, the advantages and disadvantages of wireless network and the components of wireless network. The paper also looks at the configurations for wireless network. The strength of having wireless internet is attributed to the fact that wires or cables are not required to connect each node on the network hence it is cheaper to install and maintain. While interface which results to packet errors and security concerns are some of the shortcoming of wireless network. When designing the wireless network, the main goal is to ensure that services, which were offered by other modes of communication, are offered even more effectively. Therefore, the same data types and services should be available to the users after implementing it. The safety and security concerns of the data on the internet must be well addressed. This is because any person can attempt to access information illegally once on the network. Encryption mechanisms should be implemented to protect the privacy of the users and the organizational data. As privacy and confidentiality is ensured in the design of wireless network, the existing services of the organization should be transparent which means they should be available. The two protocols both operate in spectrum technique in 2.4 GHz band (in the range of 2.4 to 2.4835 GHz) with 83.5 MHz total bandwidth. 802.11 uses; DSSS, CCK and OFDM techniques. The technique has method and mechanisms of adapting to noise, where the 802.11 uses 1 to 54 Mb/s signal rate to protect its protocol from noise. Adaption to noise is done in physical layer in 802.11 where it is transparent to higher layers. This wireless network has capabilities of transmission speeds going to 300Mbps. The frequency range of this technology is 2.4GHz to 5.0 GHz. It is the most recent wireless

The Great Wall of China Essay examples -- History Historical China Chi

The Great Wall of China To the northwest and north of Beijing, a huge, serrated wall zigzags it's way to the east and west along the undulating mountains. This is the Great Wall, which is said to be visible from the moon. This massive wall has not only been one of the Ancient Seven Wonders of the World, but it has also been inspiration for many artists, and writers. The building of the Great Wall is one of the biggest tragedies, but through this tragedy arose triumph with the wall, being so much to so many people. The Great Wall of China is much more than a wall, and was built for many reasons that are hidden to most. Construction of the Great Wall started in the 7th century B.C. The wall states that under the Zhou Dynasty in the northern parts of the country each built their own walls for defense purposes. After the state of Qin unified China in 221 B.C., it joined the walls to hold off the invaders from the Xiongnu tribes in the north and extended them to more than 10,000 li or 5,000 kilometers. This is the origin of the name of the "10,000-li Great Wall". (Karls, Robert 10,000-li Great Wall) To understand everything about the Great Wall it is necessary to know the many components of the wall, and their purposes. The Great Wall was renovated from time to time after the Qin Dynasty. A major renovation started with the founding of the Ming Dynasty in 1368, and took 200 years to complete. The wall we see today is almost exactly the result of this effort. With a total length of over 6,000 kilometers, it extends to the jiayu Pass in Gansu Province in the west and to the mouth of the Yalu River in Liaoning Province in the east. What lies north of Beijing is but a small section of it. (Karls) The Badaling section of the Great Wall snaking along the mountains northwest of Beijing was built at the beginning of the Ming Dynasty in the 14th century. Being 7.8 meters high and 5.8 meters wide at the top on the average, it has battle forts at important points, including the corners. (Karls) Located 10 kilometers south of the Badaling section of the Great Wall and built in an 18.5-kilometre-long valley, the pass has always been an important gateway northwest of Beijing. The name is believed to have its origin in the workers and slaves conscripted to build the Great Wall in ancient times. Cloud Terrace, built in 1345, was originally the base of a pagoda over... ...arwick Press, 1986 4. Kalman, Bobbie. China the Land. New York: Crabtree Publishing Company, 1989 5. Kan, Lao Po. The Ancient Chinese. London: Macdonald Educational   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Holywell House, 1981 6. Nancarrow, Peter. Early China and the Wall. Minneapolis: Lerner   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Publications Company, 1980 7. Overbeck, Cynthia. Thompson, Brenda. The Great Wall Of China.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Minneapolis: Lerner Publications Company, 1977 8. Toy, Sydney. A History of Fortification. London: William Heinemann,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1955 9. Karls, Robert. 10,000-li Great Wall. New York, Crabtree Publishing Company, 1958 10. Forbes, Geraldine. Asian Studies. New York, Mifflin Company, 1993 11. China, A Country Study. United States Government, Federal Research Division, 1988; 11-15. 12. Twitchett, Denis and Loewe, Michael. The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, England, 1986; 61- 63. 13. Twitchett, Denis. The Cambridge History of China: Volume 3. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, England, 1979; 56-59. 14. Ledoux, Trish. Ancient Civilizations: Sanfrancisco, Mixx publishers, 1984 15. Muyaka, Ho Chin, Huang River: New York, Penguin Publishers, 1994